View image in fullscreen Farmer’s book Making Sense of Chaos: A Better Economics for a Better World. “Secondly, it’s an area where the failure of economic models is seen most dramatically,” he says. Driven by this, Farmer’s team’s first step towards a complexity model of the entire world economy is tackling the energy sector. ‘A complicated beast’The new complexity models solve two fundamental problems with mainstream economic models. In contrast, the way complexity models are set up means economic cycles emerge without any introduced shocks.

Source: The Guardian February 12, 2026 14:36 UTC